From: alzheimer@juno.com (Ronald Raygun Remailer)
Date: Thu, 7 Nov 1996 12:05:21 -0800 (PST)
To: cypherpunks@toad.com
Subject: Copyright violations
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Financial Times: Tuesday, November 5, 1996
 
Visa Launches New Multi-Function Card 
 
By Mark Ashurst in Johannesburg
 
Visa International yesterday launched its first multi-function smart
cards in
partnership with two South African retail banks, First National and
Nedcor. 
 
The new cards combine debit, credit, and pre-paid facilities, by using a
microchip in place of the traditional magnetic strip. 
 
Ms Anne-L. Cobb, president of Visa Central and Eastern Europe, Middle
East and Africa, said the deal fulfilled "Visa's vision of the future of
card
payment products". Chip-based cards would replace paper-based and
magnetic strip-based cash systems within 20 years, she said. South
African
banks were "very much in the lead" in developing this technology for
debit
and credit services. 
 
FNB and Nedcor have issued more than 200,000 multi-function cards,
under their own brands, since the South African industry agreed on an
inter-bank standard for smart cards in October, 1995. 
 
These cards will now be branded with Visa, and will be converted to
international EMV, Europay-Mastercard-Visa standards by the end of next
year. 
 
A common standard for card transactions in South Africa had been adopted
later than in many developed countries, but was already close to the
international EMV standards agreed earlier this year. 
 
The South African variant would "allow customers access to multiple
accounts at their financial institution," said Ms Cobb. In time, the
cards would
also be used to encourage loyalty programmes and to store personal
information. 
 
The Visa branding is expected to raise use of multi-function cards. Ms
Gail
Kelly, general manager of Nedcor card services, said the two banks would
invest R5bn-R7bn (#651m-#912m) in upgrading technology at retail points
and banking machines with the aim of issuing 1m new cards within a year. 
 
In June, Visa acquired the rights to the Universal Electronic Payments
System, a software package used by South African banks to manage
inter-bank cashflows. The group was "working with the two South African
banks to implement the future platform" for global inter-operability,
said Ms
Cobb. 
 
South African banks have pioneered chip-based cards because of the
country's poor telecommunications infrastructure and an over-reliance on
cash in a society riddled with violent crime. It was initially devised by
South
African brewers as a safer and more efficient alternative to cash on
delivery.
Less than 30 per cent of credit card transactions are authorised on-line
because of telecommunications problems. 
 
However, a microprocessor and memory chip embedded in the new cards
keeps track of clients' spending, reducing the banks' risk in card
transactions.
 

This would make formal banking services more widely available to low
income groups, said Mr Viv Bartlett, FNB managing director. 
 
The cards, secured by personal PIN codes, enabled "off-line transactions
without the umbilical cord linking points of sale to mainframes". 
 
They could also be prepaid for use as "an electronic purse", which was a
safer alternative to cash. 
 
Ms Kelly said the South African model should not be compared with current
projects involving the use of smart cards for electronic commerce in
Australia, France and Japan. "We are not testing. We are authorising
credit
cards and debit cards." 
 
 Asiaweek: November 8, 1996
 
New Competitors and Technology Shake up Card Industry
 
By Cesar Bacani and Julian Gearing 
 
You take pride in being a responsible credit-card user. You make sure you
never exceed your credit limit. You avoid using cash-advance privileges
even
in emergencies. And every month, you pay in full the outstanding balance
on
your card on or before the due date. A model customer?
 
Think again. Looking at your spotless payment record, the bank officer in
charge of your account is likely to throw up her hands in despair and
ask:
"How can we persuade this cardholder not to pay on time?"
 
The truth is that the people behind plastic money make the most profit
from
interest payments on overdue bills and cash advances. The problem: Asians
generally don't like debt. "Many of the cards used in the region are
debit
cards, which deduct money from the holder's bank account as soon as a
purchase is made," says Niall Brady, a senior researcher and analyst with
the
Dublin-based financial-services research organization Lafferty Group. 
 
The number of credit cards -- plastic that allows users to pay only a
portion
of what they owe every month -- is estimated at less than 310 million
across
Asia last year. That's not a lot in a region that is home to about half
of
humanity. 
 
But as Asians grow more affluent, card associations like Visa and
MasterCard are betting they will be willing to take on more debt to
finance
their purchases. They see opportunities in the rising numbers of Asians
traveling overseas and the liberalization of the financial-services
industry.
New players are joining them. 
 
American Express recently introduced a new credit card in Hong Kong. GE
Capital has chosen Indonesia as the launch pad for its first card outside
the
U.S. "There will be a far more competitive environment in Asia for cards
in
five to seven years," predicts Steven Pinto, a vice-president at Citibank
in
Singapore. 
 
"With 2.7 billion inhabitants, this region has real potential," says
Michael
Lafferty, founder of the group that bears his name. How real? In the
U.S.,
which has 276 million people, there is one credit card for every person.
But
some governments worry that easy access to credit may erode their
people's
traditional savings ethic, which is credited with sustaining the region's
economic boom. 
 
Last week, Finance Minister Anwar Ibrahim required cardholders in
Malaysia to pay the government an annual $20 service tax on each of their
credit cards. About 42% of $1.7-billion worth of credit-card transactions
in
June was overdue. Kuala Lumpur already requires every cardholder to pay
at least 15% of his outstanding balance. 
 
To understand what is happening, it helps to know how the card industry
works. The major credit-card associations, Visa and MasterCard, provide
the brand name and authorization service.
 
Banks and other financial institutions buy shares in one or both groups,
which
makes them association members and gives them the right to issue Visa and
MasterCard credit cards. The issuers make money from fees and interest on
cash advances and overdue payments levied on cardholders.
 
The associations are paid by issuers for every credit-card authorization
they
process and other services. 
 
American Express, Diner's Club and Japan's JCB issue charge cards, which
require users to pay monthly balances in full. Amex has added a
credit-card
line to its traditional charge- card range. After launching its Optima
credit
card in the U.S. in 1987, it introduced the American Express Credit Card
in
Britain in 1995. The Amex plastic was brought to Canada, Hong Kong and
Australia this year. Visa and MasterCard have asked their members to
think
twice before deciding to market the new product.
 
The intramurals aside, all brands face tough challenges in Asia. "It's
very easy
to think that the Asian market is homogenous, but there are major
differences," says Suresh Nanoo, regional director of brand management
for
Visa. Japan and Taiwan do not like debt. Malaysians, Singaporeans and
Thais are more receptive, but their governments are not.
 
"If everyone becomes a big spender, it could become a problem for the
whole country," says Tarisa Watanagase of the Bank of Thailand, which
early
this year doubled the annual salary requirement for cardholders to
$9,420. 
 
With just 14 million credit cards for its 1.2 billion people, China has
huge
potential. But tight controls there - only state-owned banks can issue
plastic,
for example - are stunting growth.
 
Largely unfettered by government intervention, the Philippines, Indonesia
and
India are considered among Asia's best credit-card prospects. Indonesia
had
1.4 million cards by the end of 1995. "Industry insiders believe it can
easily
support a card base of 4 to 5 million," says Brady.
 
As for the Philippines, "the top five credit-card issuers, which
[together] have
averaged 33% annual growth since the early 1990s, had fewer than 700,000
cards last year" -- three times less than the potential immediate market.
For
its part, India is estimated to have up to 2 million cards. "The general
consensus is that this could grow to as many as 10 million by 2000," says
Brady. 
 
The problem is infrastructure. Telecommunications (for credit
authorization]
and postal systems (for billing) are often unreliable. The absence of
credit-checking agencies makes screening card applications a headache.
 
And a nationwide merchant network is not yet in place. This is where an
international player's financial muscle and commitment make a difference.

 
Citibank has become the leading credit-card issuer in India and
Indonesia,
and ranks second in the Philippines. It set up subsidiaries that focused 
entirely on credit-card operations, including card marketing and credit
screening. 
 
Rivals like Hongkong Bank and Standard Chartered Bank are following
Citibank's lead. "But local competitors are in the best position to
develop the
retail outlets where credit cards can be used," says Brady. "Only they
have
the on-the-ground presence needed to establish and service
merchant-acceptance networks." Equitable Card Network, for example,
boasts the largest merchant base -- 18,000 shops -- in the Philippines.
Because of government curbs, credit-card firms are under pressure in
Singapore (number of credit cards: 1.6 million) and increasingly so in
Malaysia and Thailand (1.8 million each). "The most draconian of
Singapore's restrictions came into force in August," says Brady. "It caps
the
maximum credit limit to twice the cardholder's monthly income. This also
robs charge-card issuers like American Express and Diner's Club of their
competitive weapon -- no pre-set spending limits."
 
The government requires all cardholders to earn at least $21,275 a year
-- more than four times the typical annual salary issuers in
laissez-faire Hong Kong ask for. 
 
Not all restrictions have turned out badly for the credit-card industry.
In South Korea, banks generally cannot extend card-based revolving credit
-- debt that cardholders can run up so long as they pay off part of the
principal and the interest owed every month. Credit cards thus function
essentially as deferred debit cards -- payment is automatically debited
from the cardholder's bank account.
 
But issuers still earn money on interest payments. Because of Seoul's
tight
credit policy, Koreans make wide use of cash advances. The card
associations profit from processing transactions involving the country's
33 million credit cards. MasterCard says Korea is its most profitable
Asian market after Japan, which has 230 million cards. Tokyo allowed
banks to grant card-based revolving credit in 1992. Four years on, only a
fifth of Japanese consumers use plastic regularly and almost all clear
their entire balance every month. Cash also remains king in Hong Kong,
one of Asia's most mature credit-card markets.
 
The territory, which has a population of 6.3 million people, has an
estimated
5 million credit cards. But credit-card purchases account for only 5% of
all
transactions (22% in terms of value) and drawing cash advances on credit
cards is not common.
 
The purveyors of plastic are learning to flow with the cash tide. In Hong
Kong, Visa is trying out VisaCash, a card that users can throw away after
using up its money value. It can be used to make small purchases like
newspapers in participating outlets. MasterCard Cash is more versatile:
it's a
debit card with a chip that can load and reload money from automatic
teller
machines.
 
"You can use the debit function for big purchases and the cash for small
items," says Margaret O'Connor of MasterCard in Singapore. The microchip
in Hongkong Bank's Mondex cash card also reloads electronic cash, though
the card itself cannot be used as a debit card
 market research indicates that many in Hong Kong are willing to pay for
the
convenience," says Manjoosh Joshi, manager of Hongkong Bank's Project
Mondex. Won't these chip-based smart cards cut into credit-card use?
"They complement each other," says Francis Hsu, a senior manager at
Hongkong Bank's credit-card center. "Cash cards are for small-value
transactions while credit cards are for big- ticket items." 
 
Amex president for Asia Stephen Friedman says: "Companies will just have
to learn how to deal with smart cards." 
 
Some credit cards already use smart-card technology. Manila's Bankard
One has a microchip that makes charge slips and signatures unnecessary.
U.S. consultant Jerome Svigals, who helped develop the magnetic strip on
today's cards, sees this as the wave of the future: "Smart cards will do
away
with on- line authorizations. That's bad for card associations, which
gain 90%
of their income from this service." An exaggeration, says Visa. 
 
"Cards cannot operate in a totally off-line environment," argues
spokeswoman Sonja Kernon. Card associations get income from other
services such as reconciling balances and settling accounts. 
 
There are other ways to make money. Some issuers charge merchants high
rates for the privilege of carrying their cards. To encourage
borrow-and-buy
binges, others target young Asians, who are more willing to pile on debt.
 
There are credit cards just for women, doctors and other professionals.
Issuers are also developing proprietary brands, allowing them to bypass
the
card associations and sometimes to cut customer and other fees. 
 
All this means the poor consumer gets inundated by offers. How to choose?

"Are you going to use the card simply as a convenient way of payment?"
asks
Brady. If so, consider a charge, debit or cash card. If you want credit,
look
for plastic with a low annual interest rate.
 
And be wary of your emotions. "On the rational plane, you're going for
reasonable fees, a reasonable rate of interest and a reasonable rate of
merchant acceptance," says Citibank's Pinto. "But in status- conscious
Asia,
brands also matter. You ask yourself, `what does this card say about
me?'"
You'll have lots of choice - just read the fine print. 
 
GETTING THE MOST FROM YOUR CARD 
 
If you intend to pay the balance every month, you may be happier with a
charge card, which has no pre-set spending limit. But there are killer
surcharges on defaults and you get only a short grace period before the
issuer cancels your card. 
 
If you plan to pay the monthly bill in full but still want a credit
facility for
emergencies, look for a credit card with no annual fee. The trade-off: a
sky-high interest rate on overdue payments and cash advances. 
 
If you mean to pay only part of what you owe every month, shop around for
a credit card with the lowest interest rate. American Express has shaken
up
the Hong Kong market with an 18% interest rate on its new credit card, 6
percentage points lower than the competition. 
 
Check out the card's market acceptance. Many shops may not take the
brand. Or they may slap a surcharge on purchases, even though it violates
their agreement with the issuer.
 
Look at the incentives on offer. As competition heats up, issuers are
coming
up with frequent-flyer programs, hotel discounts and free merchandise.
But
make sure you are not required to spend a huge amount before you can get
the freebies. 
 
 
Washington Post: Monday, November 4, 1996
 
Internet Banking With a Sales Twist
 
By Brad Dorfman
 
As the world's first Internet bank, Atlanta-based Security First Network
Bank has had an identity problem with many potential customers. 
 
"We get a lot of questions," chief executive James Mahan III said. " 'Are
you
real? Are you virtual? Where are you really?' " 
 
Part consumer bank, part software testing site, Security First opened its
virtual doors a year ago this month. But now it plans to add actual
doors,
opening small offices in Atlanta, Cambridge, Mass., and Silicon Valley in
California. "I think we can more effectively market if we have a physical
presence," Mahan said in an interview. 
 
Comparing his bank to discount brokerage firm Charles Schwab & Co.,
Mahan said having the offices may give customers a sense of security,
even if
they never use an office. 
 
Security First's current location is on the Internet. The bank is one of
five in
the United States that operate directly on the Internet, according to the
Bank
Administration Institute.
 
Federally insured Security First can be reached at the Web site
www.sfnb.com, a home page that looks like a bank lobby. Customers can
reach their accounts anywhere they have access to the Internet, rather
than
being tied to a single terminal where they have finance software, as is
true
with many other computer banks. 
 
"Our goal was to have a bank that was fully interactive, where an
individual
could see all his information," Mahan said. 
 
Most Security First customers have a money market account and a demand
deposit account. Customers can open an account with $ 100, an amount
most choose at the start to make sure the bank works, Mahan said. 
 
Customers can pay bills electronically, purchase certificates of deposits
or
acquire Visa cards. Security First also is hoping to offer brokerage
products
and first and second mortgage products by the end of the year. Cash can
be
obtained through automated teller machines, and Security First absorbs
interbank fees for using the machines. 
 
With few costs for rent and other infrastructure, Security First can
offer
higher yields, Mahan said. The bank has been offering a six-month CD with
an annual percentage yield of 5.9 percent. 
 
Security First was spawned as an idea of Mahan, who was chief executive
at
Kentucky-based Cardinal Bancshares Inc., and Michael McChesney, who
was starting a security software firm. 
 
"He educated me on the Internet for years and years and years," Mahan
said.
Mahan used the charter of one of Cardinal's thrifts, changed its name to
Security First and used it to start the Internet bank. 
 
McChesney's firm, SecureWare Inc. developed software that Mahan said
has military-grade security. So far, the bank has not had its security
breached, Mahan said. "That doesn't mean that there haven't been a number
of sophisticated attempts," he said. "If you have enough money and enough
time you can break into anything." 
 
Outsiders agree that Security First has shown a record of being secure,
avoiding viruses and other potential dangers of Internet commerce. "They
do
use a level of security that the Pentagon reserves for its most secure
and
sensitive systems," said Paul Schmeltzer, an executive vice president for
network services at Southeast Switch Inc., which operates the Honor
Network, the fourth-largest ATM network in the country. "Is any security
design totally foolproof or totally secure? Probably not."
 
Selling that software and other programs developed for the bank is likely
to
be the prime money-maker for Security First. Mahan admits that Five Paces
Inc., Security First's software unit, will be the prime contributor to
the
company's net income. "The bank is really a test site to use as a
demonstration for potential customers of the software business," said
Gary
Craft, an analyst who follows the bank for Friedman, Billings, Ramsey &
Co.
of Alexandria. 
 
Security First has opened about 5,600 accounts. Most of its customers are
male, between the ages of 25 and 45, with average income above $ 63,000
a year. More than 80 percent own their own home, attractive demographics
for marketing. Security First also has attracted competition. This month,
Atlanta Internet Bank opened for business with customers of AT&T's
WorldNet Internet service. 
 
Unlike Security First, Don Sha pleigh, chief executive of Atlanta
Internet,
says he does not plan to open any customer offices. "I have the WorldNet.
I
have other ways to get out." 
 
Shapleigh also argues that Atlanta Internet is the first true
Internet-only  bank, saying that Security First is really a software
company. "I'm not selling software," he said. "I'm a banker." 
 
Atlanta Internet, which is a service provided by a unit of Carolina First
Corp., can be reached on the Internet at www.atlantabank.com. 
 
  
 
American Banker: Wednesday, November 6, 1996
 
Internet Bank In Australia Plans a Pilot Using Ecash
 
Ecash, the cash alternative for the Internet developed by Digicash Inc.,
has
entered Australia. 
 
Digicash, which is based in Amsterdam, said Advance Bank of Sydney has
licensed Ecash and is planning to begin testing it with Australian
consumers
and merchants by yearend. 
 
Ecash's competitors include Cybercash Inc.'s Cybercoin and the on-line
transfer capability of Mondex electronic cash. The latter, a smart-card-
based system, has the backing of most major banks in Australia and New
Zealand. 
 
Advance Bank, a second-tier bank with more than $10 billion of assets,
joins
a list of Ecash licensees that includes Mark Twain Bank of St. Louis,
Deutsche Bank in Germany, Merita Bank in Finland, and a postal bank in
Sweden. 
 
The Australian launching is "an important collaboration between the
premier
electronic cash company and the leading Internet bank in a country that
is
very advanced in Internet usage," said Digicash chairman and founder
David
Chaum. 
 
Advance Bank is "reinforcing its position as Australia's leading Internet
bank," said David Brown, the institution's head of public affairs. He
said
Ecash would complement customers' ability to see account statements,
transfer money between accounts, and pay bills through Advance's Internet
site.